Abstract:
Racism’s earliest usage has been traced to the 1902 edition of the Oxford English Dictionary as a description of U.S. policy toward Native Americans (Howard, 2016). For the first half of the
20th century, the term was used interchangeably with “racialism.” The term’s use is relatively new in the social sciences (Barot & Bird, 2001) and began with Ruth Benedict’s Race and Racism (Benedict, 1945) and in Edmund Soper’s Racism: A World Issue (Hankins, 1947).
